PHRASAL VERBS

Unit 9: Phrasal Verbs

A. Introduction
Multiword verbs are expressions made up of a verb and one or two particles. Sometimes the meaning of the multiword verb is not very different from the meaning of the original verb. The verb “point” for example means to "indicate with the finger", while the multiword verb “to point out" can mean to “indicate something linguistically”. Sometimes the particle is used with more or less the same meaning with several verbs, for example "out” is used with a number of verbs to indicate the general meaning of discovery:

I found out the answer yesterday
He managed to work out a solution to the problem
I couldn't figure out the answer

The particle "on" is the general English preposition of depending:

You can rely on him
Everything depends on her
You can count on me
We are banking on your help

Similarly the particle "down" is often used to indicate “failure":

The car broke down
The computer went down
He !et us down

Usually however the meaning of a multiword verb is not easily deducible from the verb and the particle: "Look for" is “to seek", "look after" is “to take care of" and "look up” is “to search in a dictionary or list”. Given the enormous amount of multiword verbs that exist in English, this is simply a short introduction to the different grammatical types. In your "real world” contact with English it is necessary to rely on a good dictionary to solve problems with multiword verbs. An excellent specialist dictionary is the “Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs” edited by Collins Cobuild.

Phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs may be intransitive (i.e. without a complement) or transitive. With transitive phrasal verbs the complement may come before or after the adverb if the complement is a noun:
He picked up the glass
He picked the glass up
However if the complement is a personal pronoun ("me", “you”, "him", "her", "it", "us", "them") , it comes between the verb and the particle:
He picked it up

Prepositional verbs
The complement always comes after the preposition:
You can rely on your sister
You can rely on her

Phrasal prepositional verbs
The complement always comes after the two particles
I won't put up with your behaviour
I won't put up with it

LINKING WORDS

Linking Words

1. Link words expressing cause/effect, reason.


SENTENCE CONJUNCTS

Consequently

So
Thus
Therefore
As a result
That's why

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

since

as

because

for

PREPOSITIONS

owing to

due to

because of

as a result of

on account of



2. Link words expressing contrast

SENTENCE CONJUNCTIONS

However

Yet

Nevertheless

Nonetheless

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTS

although

(even) though

………..

while

whereas

PREPOSITIONS
in spite of
despite
for all






3. Link words expressing addition


SENTENCE CONJUNCTS

Besides

Moreover

Furthermore

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

PREPOSITIONS
besides
apart from
in addition to

SYNTACTIC CONTEXTS

SENTENCE CONJUNCTS: They are typically the first word in the sentence although some are mobile. They establish a link with the previous sentence:

He was ill. However he went to work


SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: They establish a link within a sentence, they must introduce a subordinate clause [S.V.(O).(A)]:

Although he was ill, he went to work
He went to work although he was ill


PREPOSITIONS: They establish a link within a sentence; they can only introduce a noun or a gerund:

Despite his illness he went to work
He went to work despite his illness

Despite being ill he went to work
He went to work despite being ill

They can be followed by the noun "the fact" and a “1that” clause subordinated to the noun:

He went to work despite the fact that he was ill

4. Other important linking devices:

a. TIME:

The word after is a preposition or a subordinating conjunction (it is not a sentence conjunct, we must use the expressions Afterwards or After this/that as sentence conjuncts). The word before is a preposition, subordinating conjunction or sentence conjunct. We cannot use the expression the fact that with these words.

b. COMPARISON:
The word like is used only with nouns. The word as is used with other groups of words. The words Similarly and Likewise are sentence conjuncts indicating similarity.

c. CONDITON:
Apart from the conditional subordinators already studied, there is one other important conditional linking device: otherwise, which is a sentence conjunct expressing negative condition (If this is not the case).

Using Adverb Clauses with Time Expressions

Using Adverb Clauses with Time Expressions

These type of clauses are often called "time clauses" in English grammar books and follow specific patterns. Take a look at the chart below to study the various usage of different time expressions.
Punctuation
When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the two clauses. Example: As soon as he arrives, we will have some lunch.. When the adverb clause finishes the sentence there is no need for a comma. Example: He gave me a call when he arrived in town.
For more information about how to use these words click on the link for an explanation of the usage.
Adverb Clauses with Time
When
. He was talking on the phone when I arrived.
.When she called, he had already eaten lunch.
.I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep.
.We'll go to lunch when you come to visit.
'When' means 'at that moment, at that time, etc.'. Notice the different tenses used in relationship to the clause beginning with when. It is important to remember that 'when' takes either the simple past OR the present - the dependent clause changes tense in relation to the 'when' clause.

Before

We will finish before he arrives.
She (had) left before I telephoned
'Before' means 'before that moment'. It is important to remember that 'before' takes either the simple past OR the present.
After
We will finish after he comes.
She ate after I (had) left.
'After' means 'after that moment'. It is important to remember that 'after' takes the present for future events and the past OR past perfect for past events.
While, as
She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.
As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking.
'While' and 'as' mean 'during that time'. 'While' and 'as' are both usually used with the past continuous because the meaning of 'during that time' which indicates an action in progess.
By the time
By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner.
We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive.
'By the time' expresses the idea that one event has been completed before another. It is important to notice the use of the past perfect for past events and future perfect for future events in the main clause. This is because of the idea of something happening up to another point in time.
Until, till
We waited until he finished his homework.
I'll wait till you finish.
'Until' and 'till' express 'up to that time'. We use either the simple present or simple past with 'until' and 'till'. 'Till' is usually only used in spoken English.
Since
I have played tennis since I was a young boy.
'Since' means 'from that time'. We use the present perfect (continuous) with 'since'. 'Since' can also be used with a specific point in time.
As soon as
He will let us know as soon as he decides (or as soon as he has decided).
'As soon as' means 'when something happens - immediately afterwards'. 'As soon as' is very similar to 'when' it emphasis that the event will immediately after the other. We usually use the simple present for future events, although present perfect can also be used.
Whenever, every time
Whenever he comes, we go to have lunch at "Dick's".
We take a hike every time he visits.
'Whenever' and 'every time' mean 'each time something happens'. We use the simple present (or the simple past in the past) because 'whenever' and 'every time' express habitual action.
The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time
The first time I went to New York, I was intimidated by the city.
I saw Jack the last time I went to San Francisco.
The second time I played tennis, I began to have fun.
The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time means 'that specific time'. We can use these forms to be more specific about which time of a number of times something happened.

Telephone English - The Phrases

Introducing yourself

This is Ken.
Ken speaking
Asking who is on the telephone
Excuse me, who is this?
Can I ask who is calling, please?
Asking for Someone
Can I have extension 321? (extensions are internal numbers at a company)
Could I speak to...? (Can I - more informal / May I - more formal)
Is Jack in? (informal idiom meaning: Is Jack in the office?
Connecting
SomeoneI'll put you through (put through - phrasal verb meaning 'connect')
Can you hold the line?
Can you hold on a moment?
How to reply when someone is not available
I'm afraid ... is not available at the moment
The line is busy... (when the extension requested is being used)
Mr Jackson isn't in...
Mr Jackson is out at the moment...
Taking a Message
I take a message?
Could (Can, May) I tell him who is calling?
Would you like to leave a message?
Role Playing Suggestions
I did this exercise in 19 Kasım 2007

UNIT 2 MODAL VERBS

UNIT 2

Modal Forms
Listed below is a general outline of modal forms and their possible time reference.

Form:MODAL Simple Verb
Time Reference:present, future, past
Examples
He can answer your question.They should leave early tomorrow.He had to leave at 7 this morning.

Form:Modal Continuous Form

Time Reference:Present

Examples
He might be joking!

Form: Modal Verbs Present Perfect

Time Reference:Past

Examples
She can't have been serious!
They might have gone to the country.

Form:Modal Present Perfect Continuous Verb

Time Reference:Past

Examples
They might have been working at that time

Can / Be Able To
Listed below are examples and uses of can / could / be able to for ability and permission

Examples
He can play tennis well.

She is able to speak five languages.

They can come on Friday.Jack will be able to come next week.

Usage
Use 'can' or 'be able to' to express an ability or possibility
NOTE: The future of 'be able to' is 'will be able to

Examples
He could swim when he was five.

Usage
Could in the past means the general ability to do something.

Examples
They were able to get tickets for the concert.
I was able to finish before 6.
I couldn't come last night, sorry. OR I wasn't able to come last night, sorry.

Usage
IMPORTANT: If someone was in the position to do something, or managed to do something, we use 'was/were able to instead of 'could'
In the negative,' wasn't able to' OR 'couldn't' are bo

Modal Verbs of Probability
Listed below are examples and uses of modal verbs of probability. Modal verbs of probability are used to express an opinion of the speaker based on information that the speaker has. Example: He must be at work, it's 10 o'clock. In this case, the speaker is 100 % sure that the person is at work based on the speaker's knowledge that the person in question usually works at during the day.

Examples
They must be in Spain by now.
She must have done well on the test.

Usage
Use 'must' plus the verb when you are 100% (or almost 100%) sure that something is the case.

Examples
She might come this evening.
David may invite Jesica to the match.
Jack might have gone to France.

Usage
Use 'might' or 'may' to express an opinion that you think has a good possibility of being true.

Examples
Jane could be at work.
Peter could have arrived late.

Usage
Use 'could' to express a possibilty which is one of many. This form is not as strong as 'might' or 'may'. It is just one of a number of possibilities.

Examples
lesYou can't be serious!
They can't have worked until late.

Usage
Use 'can't' to express an opinion that you are 100% sure is NOT true.
Notice that the past form remains 'can't have done'

UNIT 2 COMPUTERS

UNIT 2 COMPUTERS

What Computer Can Do

• listening to music
  
  
• playing the game
  
• search the homework
  

• talking with friends by msn


• prepared homework by using the office programme
  
• watching the films


• using the programmes for engineering and architect

PC System

Control unit
The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) directs the various components of a computer. It reads and interprets (decodes) instructions in the program one by one. The control system decodes each instruction and turns it into a series of control signals that operate the other parts of the computer.Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance.

Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations: arithmetic and logic.

Memory

Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: random access memory or RAM and read-only memory or ROM.

Input/output (I/O)
I/O is the means by which a computer receives information from the outside world and sends results back. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optica disc drives serve as both input and output devices. Computer networking is another form of I/O.

How computers work

A general purpose computer has four main sections: the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires.
The control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor.

1. Access this website:

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/laptop.htm


- Explain how laptops differ from desktops.
They're completely portable, and they use less power and make less noise than desktop models.
Laptops are also more expensive than desktops.
But, they're often a little slower and have less graphics and sound processing power, although these differences can be too small for most users to notice

What are the disadvantages of laptops?
Laptops are also more expensive than desktops.

What are the main features of laptop components?(Processor, memory and storage, display and sound, power supplies




A laptop, however, is much smaller and lighter than even the most compact PC tower. Its screen is an integrated part of the unit, as is its keyboard. Instead of a spacious case with lots of room for air circulation, a laptop uses a small, flat design in which all the pieces fit together snugly.
Because of this fundamental design difference and because of a laptop's inherent portability, components have to:
Fit into a compact space
Conserve power
Produce less heat than desktop components








What are whitebooks?


A­ modded or homemade laptop is called a whitebook.
Who invented the laptop?/When was it invented?
I­n 1979, William Moggridge of Grid Systems Corporation created the first functioning portable computer: The Grid Compass Computer 1109.
Describe what kind of laptop Gavilan computer and Apple Computer produced.
Gavilan Computer and Apple, introduced other portable computers in following years. The first commercially viable machine, however, was the IBM PC Convertible, introduced in 1986. The PC Convertible featured:
An 8088 microprocessor
256 kilobytes of memory
Two 3.5-inch (8.9-cm) floppy drives
An LCD display
Parallel and serial printer ports
Space for an internal modem
A software suite including basic word processing, appointment calendar, telephone/address book, and calculator software
Summarize the main ideas from the two video clips and paste them on your blog
1. video
Ram increases your computer´s speed. If you want to have fast computer you can add ram your laptop. Open back of the your laptop and you can slap new ram and your computer´s speed will be very fast.
2. video
When buying a laptop,we should pay attention some futures. Following to
o Processor
o Ram
o Size screen
o Hard disk
o Type of optical drive
o Wireless network

Materials for textile engineers

Materials for engineers

Materials
Types of fibre
Fibres are the basis for all textiles. You need to know the difference between natural and synthetic fibres, how each fibre is used, and which fibres can be combined together.

1)Types of fibre
Textile materials are made in three stages:
.Spinning fibres into yarns
.Weaving or knitting yarns to make fabrics
.Finishing fabrics to make them more useful
There are two types of textile fibres: natural fibres and synthetic or man-made fibres.
Synthetic fibres are continuous filament fibres, while natural fibres are usually short staple fibres. The exception to this rule is silk - a natural fibre whose continuous filaments are up to one kilometre in length!
Where fibres come from
Natural fibres come from plants and animals: cotton from the cotton plant, linen from the flax plant, wool from sheep, silk from silkworms.
Synthetic fibres are manufactured using plant materials and minerals: viscose comes from pine trees or petrochemicals, while acrylic, nylon and polyester come from oil and coal.
Natural fibres
1. Natural fibres from plants:
Cotton is used for making jeans, t-shirts and towels. It is cool to wear, has a soft handle, a good drape, and is durable. It can be washed and ironed, but it creases easily, is very absorbent and dries slowly.
Linen is used for summer clothing, tea towels and tablecloths. It is fresh and cool to wear, has a stiffer handle, and a good drape. It is durable, but can be washed and ironed. It creases badly and is very absorbent, but is also fast drying.
2. Natural fibres from animals:
Wool is used for jumpers, suits and blankets. It is warm to wear, absorbent, dries slowly, is breathable repels rain and can be soft or coarse to handle. It does not have good drape, and is not durable; however, creases tend to drop out. If it is not dry-cleaned it may shrink.
Silk is used for evening wear and ties. It is warm to wear, absorbent, has a soft handle and a good lustre and drape. It is durable and creases drop out. It needs to be dry cleaned.

Synthetic fibres
The main synthetic fibres are:
Viscose is used for shirts, dresses and linings. It has a soft handle, a good drape and can be washed and ironed. However it has low warmth, and is absorbent and slow-drying. Viscose is not durable and creases easily.
Acrylic is used for jumpers, fleece jackets and blankets. It is warm to wear, non-absorbent, and fast-drying, with a soft handle like wool, and a good drape. It is easy to care for, durable and crease-resistant.
Polyester is used for raincoats, fleece jackets, children's nightwear, medical textiles and working clothes. It has a soft handle, a good drape, is very durable, crease-resistant, easy-care, non-absorbent, and fast drying. It can be recycled, but has low warmth.
Nylon (Tactel) is used for active sportswear, fleece jackets, socks and seat belts. It has a soft handle, a good drape, is non-absorbent, fast drying, very durable, crease-resistant and easy-care. However it has low warmth.
Modern fibres
Microfibres:Polyester or nylon microfibres are 60-100 times finer than a human hair (the diagram below shows what they look like up close):
Microfibres can be blended with other synthetic or natural fibres.
Microfibres are used for outdoor-pursuits clothing and active sportswear.
Thermoplastic polyester or nylon microfibres can be heat-treated to give them coils, crimps and loops, which makes these textured yarns stretchy and warm. They are used for underwear, sportswear, knitwear and carpets.
Fibre blends:Blending different fibres together produces yarns that have the combined properties of each component fibre. Using fibre blends improves the appearance, performance, comfort and aftercare of fabric. Blending can also reduce the cost of an expensive fibre.
A shirt made from polyester / cotton blend is more easy-care and crease-resistant than a shirt made from 100 per cent cotton.
Cotton / Lycra blend jeans are more comfortable, stretchy and fit better than cotton jeans.
Acrylic / wool blend trousers are less expensive than 100 per cent wool trousers.
Two key modern microfibres:
Elastane (Lycra). This is always used in a blend with other fibres. It is used to make sportswear, body-hugging clothes and bandages. It has good handle and drape, is durable, crease-resistant, stretchy (more comfortable) and is easy-care. It has low warmth and is absorbent
Tencel. This is a 'natural' microfibre made from cellulose derived from wood-pulp. It is used for shirts and jeans. It has soft handle, good drape, is breathable, durable, crease-resistant, easy-care and biodegradable. It is absorbent and has low warmth.
Exam tip:Make sure that you know the properties and end-uses of fibre blends such as polyester / cotton. You'll get extra marks for being able to a fibre's properties to the product it's used for.
For example, Tencel fibre is suitable for denim jeans because it is soft, drapes well and is easy to care for

Fibres test

1 . Textile materials are made by spinning fibres into fabrics: false
2 . What are continuous filaments?
Continuous filaments are usually long filaments of synthetic fibres that run the whole length of the yarn
3 . The passage explains about blended fibres. Pick the correct words out of the list below and insert them into the text:cost
materials
properties
performance
yarns
appeal
Blending different types of fibres together produces yarns that have the combined properties of each component fibre. Using fibre blends improves the appearance, performance, comfort and aftercare of fabric. Blending can also reduce the cost of an expensive fibre.
4 . The passage outlines why particular fabrics are used for certain types of clothes. Pick the correct words out of the list below and insert them into the text:
warm
cool
dyes
absorbent
lustre
Cotton is used for T-shirts because it is cool to wear and dyes well. Linen is used for tea-towels because it is very absorbent. Wool is used for jumpers because it is warm to wear. Silk is used for evening wear because it has good lustre and drape
5 . Why is polyester suitable for children's nightwear
Polyester has a soft handle.
6 . Why is Tencel fibre suitable for denim jeans
it has good drape
7 . Which fabric is a good choice for body-hugging clothes
Elastane
8 . The passage explains some of the key terms used in textiles. Pick the correct words out of the list below and insert them into the text:
comic
perspiration
flexible
comfortable
hangs
behaves
feels
fashionable
Handle is how a textile when touched, such as soft, rough, smooth, warm or cool. Drape is the supple and character of a fabric - how it or behaves when pleated or folded. Breathable is how a fabric allows to evaporate, making it to wear.

fabric test
1 What is twill-weave fabric?
Twill-weave fabric has a diagonal pattern on its surface. It is strong and drapes well.
2 Non-woven fabric is made by bonding. What are bonded fabrics made from?
Bonded fabrics are made from webs of synthetic fibres bonded together with heat or adhesives.
3 What is the key advantage of bonded fabrics, such as Vilene? .
they are bonded fabrics such as Vilene are crease-resistant.
4 The passage explains some of the key terms used in textiles. Pick the correct words out of the list below and insert them into the text:
fray
hats
non-woven
animal hair
underwear
strength
smell
woven
Wool felt is a non-woven fabric made from animal hair or wool fibres matted together using moisture, heat and pressure. Felt has no strength, drape or elasticity, but is warm and does not fray. Wool felt is expensive. It is used for hats and slippers.
5 A smart fabric responds to the needs of the manufacturer in an environment: false
6 What are micro-encapsulated fabrics used for?
Micro-encapsulated fabrics are used for underwear, anti-bacterial socks and medical textiles.
7 Fabrics should be chosen that ensure a product will suit the target market and do the job it is intended to do: true
8 Aesthetic properties of a product relate to the appearance of a material.
including drape
9 Functional properties relate to the performance of a material.
including the strength, cost, water-resistance and aftercare of the material.
10 Comfort properties relate to how comfortable the material is to wear.
including the softness, elasticity, stretchiness and warmth of the material.
11 Women's jumpers are usually made from a fabric that is:
soft, colourful, stretchy, warm and easy-care.
12 Seatbelts, airbags or conveyor belts are normally made from fabric that is:
strong, durable, flame-resistant materials.

Design considerations

Product analysis and evaluation test
1 Market research is used to find out the taste, values and lifestyle of a random section of the community: false
2 Designers and manufacturers use product analysis to help them develop ideas for new or improved products: true
3 The fitness for purpose of a product is evaluated by studying the product performance, price and aesthetic appeal: true
4 Quality of design means that textile products are well-designed, so they sell successfully. Which of the following is true?
A well-designed textile product should be all of these
5 Quality of manufacture means textile products are well-made, so they sell successfully. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a well-made textile product
The product is made as quickly as possible
6 One way of evaluating the quality of a product is to apply product-design specification criteria to your analysis. Which of the following is NOT likely to be included in a product-design specification? e- All these items should be included in a product-design specification.
7 When evaluating the manufacturing quality of the product, you don't need to examine the seam allowance, stitching or fastenings:false
8 Which of the following is NOT necessary when you analyse a product?
to work out and sketch the pattern section.
9 The quality assurance [QA] system uses quality control to test and monitor the quality, accuracy and fitness for purpose of the product from the design stage right through to manufacture. Which of the following are involved in the QA system?
manufacturing specifications; work schedules; prototypes; and sealed samples are all part of the QA system.
10 The passage explains the quality-assurance system in the textiles business. Pick the correct words out of the list below and insert them into the text:
tolerance
used
breaks
points
specification
manual
stitch
raw
Quality-control checks take place at critical control points in a product's manufacture. This includes checking the following. First, that the raw materials are the correct width, colour, weight and fibre content. Second, depending on the product end-use, the fabric may be tested for strength, durability, crease-resistance, stretch, shrinkage or water-repellence. Third, during production there are checks for stitch and seam strength. The seam allowances are tested to check that they meet the tolerance stated in the manufacturing specification.
11 The final product is inspected for which of the following
the final product is inspected for size and fit

Textiles production

Systems and practices test
1 Whose role is it to identify the need for a product, using market research and set a design brief set the price and set product deadlines?
Client
2 Whose role is it to research the market, trends, materials, social, cultural, moral, environmental and safety issues to ensure the product is right; then produce a product-design specification, produce costing for product, and help to plan product manufacture?
Designer
3 Whose role is to analyse the product prototype, produce a production plan and a work schedule; then make sure that production, material and labour costs are kept to a minimum, while producing a high-quality, safe product on schedule.
Manufacturer
4 Whose role is it to demand a high-quality, value-for-money product that meets requirements and is safe?
User/consumer
5 Which stage of production includes adding decorative or functional details and final pressing?
Finishing
6 Which stage of production includes the spreading, cutting, labelling and bundling of the fabric pieces?
Processing
7 Which stage of production includes the labelling, hanging, folding and covering the product ready for transport to the retailer?
Packaging
8 Which stage of production includes fusing, joining and pressing the separate product parts?
Assembly
9 Which stage of production includes working out the amount of materials to buy in and the preparation of patterns, templates and lay plans?
preparation
10 Which production method is the most likely for producing black socks and other products that change slowly with fashion?
Mass production
11 What type of computer systems are used in the design and manufacture of textiles?
Computer Numerical Control [CNC].
12 ICT is used to plan the 'just in time' ordering of materials and components, so they arrive at the factory
Just before they are needed